A novel test to compare two treatments based on endpoints involving both nonfatal and fatal events

In a clinical trial comparing two treatment groups, one commonly‐used endpoint is time to death. Another is time until the first nonfatal event (if there is one) or until death (if not). Both endpoints have drawbacks. The wrong choice may adversely affect the value of the study by impairing power if deaths are too few (with the first endpoint) or by lessening the role of mortality if not (with the second endpoint). We propose a compromise that provides a simple test based on the time to death if the patient has died or time since randomization augmented by an increment otherwise. The test applies the ordinary two‐sample Wilcoxon statistic to these values. The formula for the increment (the same for experimental and control patients) must be specified before the trial starts. In the simplest (and perhaps most useful) case, the increment assumes only two values, according to whether or not the (surviving) patient had a nonfatal event. More generally, the increment depends on the time of the first nonfatal event, if any, and the time since randomization. The test has correct Type I error even though it does not handle censoring in a customary way. For conditions where investigators would face no easy (advance) choice between the two older tests, simulation results favor the new test. An example using a renal‐cancer trial is presented. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

从主述位角度看汉英翻译

本文从主述位角度分析汉英翻译,指出汉、英在主位结构上有相同之处,但更多的是不同之处。在符合英语行文习惯的前提下,保留汉语原文的主位结构和主位推进模式,可以最大程度传达原文所包含的语义信息。但由于汉英两种语言的差异,主位结构的不对等和主位推进模式的转换在翻译中是不可避免的现象,译者应当改变汉语的主位结构以符合英语的表达习惯。     

浅谈实用型文本翻译中的语篇对等

本文以系统功能语言学的语篇理论为基础,从词汇语法层面的语篇元功能出发．通过对一则英文会讯和它的两篇汉译文的主述位结构以及主位推进模式进行对比分析,揭示了翻译实用型语篇时主住选择的不同对源文与译文在构建经验意义时的对等程度的影响,同时证实了英汉实用型语篇的纲要式结构虽然具有相当程度的对等性但也存在着明显的差异。     

Employment and Wage Trajectories for Mothers Entering Low-skilled Work: Evidence from the British Lone Parent Cohort

UK government policy encourages mothers of young children in low-income families to enter or return to work, via tax credit subsidies and support for childcare. Maternal employment is seen a central plank in the campaign against child poverty, both because it raises income immediately and because working now is seen as paving the way to better employment prospects in the future. But there is little evidence about medium- and long-term outcomes for mothers entering low-skilled employment. We know little about how likely such women are to remain in work, let alone how likely they are to progress to higher-skilled and better-paid jobs. This article uses the British Lone Parent Cohort, a data set which tracked lone mothers from 1991 to 2001, to examine employment trajectories for up to 560 mothers with a youngest child under five at the start of the period. It creates a typology of trajectories over the decade, identifying the share of women broadly stable in work, those remaining at home and those following unstable pathways between the two. It goes on to explore the factors associated with different pathways, asking whether individual and household characteristics, job characteristics, or changes in circumstances such as new health problems are most important. Finally, the article examines differences in wage progression across groups of women following different pathways, and similarly tries to identify the main factors associated with faster progress.     

从主位推进分析看司法判决推理

司法判决书是裁判过程的书面表达。法官做出裁判的过程,实质上就是以认定的案件事实和相关的法律规范为前提,运用演绎形式推理合乎逻辑地推演出判决结论的司法判决推理过程。综合Danes(1974)提出的5种主位推进模式和徐盛桓(1982)提出的4 种主位推进模式,并根据提出的连贯话语推进的9 种主位述位逻辑关系,探讨一篇优秀民事判决书的“本院认为……”部分如何实现演绎形式推理和法律命题内容实质推理双重共振的司法判决推理过程,从法律语言学视角对当前我国的裁判文书改革朝着论证体裁方向发展提供有益启示和借鉴。     

水门事件对美国隐蔽行动的影响

水门事件作为一次非法的、失败的情报活动,对冷战期间美国的隐蔽行动的实施产生了重大影响。水门事件直接导致"帝王般的总统"权力的消亡和国会权力的加速复兴,并引发美国国内对中央情报局及其隐蔽行动的揭露高潮,中央情报局及其隐蔽行动名誉扫地,陷入信用空白;国会随之以前所未有的积极态度介入对中央情报局及其隐蔽行动的调查和监督中,并最终建立起对隐蔽行动的正式监督机制。所有这些都给中央情报局从事隐蔽行动带来了巨大束缚。因此,美国隐蔽行动在上世纪70年代发生大规模收缩的现象,绝不是一种简单的巧合,而与水门事件及其所引发的一系列连锁反应有着密切的关系。     

主位推进和语篇分析

主（述）位结构是功能语言学的一大理论框架,其主要功能在于：通过对句子的主位切分来了解语篇内部各个句子之间的内在联系和信息的分布规律。以主位推进模式应用于具体的语篇分析,并以此指导汉英语篇翻译和连贯作文教学。     

Towards a Theory of Competitive Progression: Evidence from High‐Tech Manufacturing

This study replicates and extends Ferdows and De Meyers' observed ‘sand cone’ model of cumulative competitive capabilities by means of Roth's related competitive progression theory (CPT). Using path analysis, we model and test the relationships among the generic competitive capability constructs of conformance quality, delivery reliability, volume flexibility, and low cost as predicted by CPT. Our results, drawn from a sample of high‐tech manufacturers, provide further evidence that on average, these four capabilities are acquired both cumulatively and in that sequence. We also find that each generic capability increases operational know‐how and reduces non‐value‐added directly and/or indirectly through the enhancement of successive capabilities in the progression, which in turn improves profitability. The paper contributes a theoretical rationale for the observed sand cone effect, describes how the competitive progression acts to influence accelerated organizational learning over an innovation cycle, and offers evidence that combinative capabilities have strategic value for high‐tech manufacturers.     

子女孩次性别结构与女性再生育——基于孩次性别递进生育率的分析

现有子女的孩次性别结构是影响女性再生育的重要因素。使用中国2000年人口普查数据和时期孩次性别递进生育指标对女性生育水平进行了测算。结果显示,女性普遍生育但终身只生育一个孩子的比例很大,基于孩次性别结构的生育行为体现了男孩偏好;城市和镇在生育第一孩时就存在性别选择;第一个孩子是女孩的女性生育二孩的可能性较大,且二孩是男孩的比例显著大于是女孩的比例;第一个孩子是男孩的城市和镇的女性大部分不再生育,而农村女性有很大比例会生育二孩,但几乎不存在性别选择。采用某地区2019年的数据进行补充验证,同样发现:只有一个女孩的女性相比较只有一个男孩的女性生育者生第二孩的可能性要高很多,以上研究发现对当前二孩生育行为具有一定的启示意义。     

“Strivers”, “doers”, and “seekers”: Social workers and their commitment to the job

Amid considerable interest in the experiences of early career professionals in social work in England and internationally, and the relationship between these and retention and progression, this article reports on the findings of one element of a larger evaluation. It reports the findings and analysis of interviews with 42 relative newcomers to social work, some 3 years following qualification, focusing on their current career orientations, and how these appear to affect their future intentions. We identified three distinct groups, designated as “strivers,” “doers,” and “seekers.” Each of these groups demonstrated a different kind and level of commitment to their social work role and identity: Strivers were oriented towards career progression and taking on senior roles; doers were committed practitioners who saw themselves as continuing in front line service delivery for the foreseeable future; and seekers, although still committed to social work in principle, tended to be more unsure about their future place in the profession. This typology appears to be reasonably robust on the basis of our investigation and has implications for career planning and supervision of social work professionals, especially at the early stages of their careers.